- - - - - --··-
MEDITERRANEAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
Vol. 4, 1991
AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL FOR THE
ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
A SERIES OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE BOWLS WITH RAM'S-HEAD
HANDLES FROM THE JORDAN VALLEY*
Rachael Sparks
The Middle Bronze Age in Palestine was a period of intensive re-urbanization and
growing cultural complexity. Its beginning was marked by a number of important
technological changes, including the introduction of the fast wheel and tin-bronze
metallurgy; with these came developments in trade and social organization. 1
Local industries flourished during this period, especially those relating to the minor
arts. Some of these, like workshops producing gypsum vessels, are usually seen as
derivative from and incidental to similar industries in Egypt. 2 Others have been
acknowledged as developing in the region, as is the case with bone and ivory inlays. 3
Less attention has been paid to the interaction between local crafts. Taking the example
of a series of MB II bowls with ram 's-head handles, the following is an attempt to
illustrate the potential of such an approach.
The series appears in alabaster and wood, with at least two ceramic versions.
Despite the differences in material, the type is immediately recognizable, characterized
by four lug handles which project from the rim of the bowl in the shape of a ram's head.
TYPOLOGY
The form was first recognized at Jericho, where K. M. Kenyon devised two separate
typologies for it, based on the material employed. The alabaster examples were divided
according to base type, and then rim. 4 The remainder were put under the heading
'Small Wooden Bowls' and divided by body form, base type, the shape of the handle, and
decoration. 5
One of the most notable features of the Ram 's-Head Bowl is that it appears in
different media with th same range of variations. For example, flat, slightly rounded, and
disc bases are seen in both wood and alabaster, as are three of the six decorative
motives. 6 There are a few differences. Some of the wooden bowls are oval, while all the
I would like to thank S. J. Bourke for his many useful
suggestions on reading several drafts of this article, and
Professor J. B. Hennessy for permission to publish the
Pella material.
Note the following additional abbreviations:
IKG
W. M. F. Petrie, Illahun, Kahun and Gurob
(1891)
Jericho I K. M. Kenyon, Excavations at Jericho I
(1960)
Jericho II K. M. Kenyon, Excavations at Jericho II
(1965)
KGH
W. M. F. Petrie, Kahun, Gurob and Hawara
(1890)
PIJ1
A. W. McNicoll et al., Pella in Jordan 1
(1982)
PIJ2
A. W. McNicoll et al., Pella in Jordan 2,
Meditarch Suppl. 2 ( 1991)
Sedment 1 W. M. F. Petrie-G. Brunton, Sedment 1
(1924)
SMV
W. M. F. Petrie, Stone and Metal Vases
(1937)
The illustrations are adapted from the following sources:
MEDITARCH 4, 1991,45-54
Figs 1: 1,4-8;2:6fromJerichoifigs.155:5; 126: 4;
187: 11; 171: 15; 187: 17; 118: 16; 155:4.
Fig. 1: 2 from J. B. Pritchard, The Bronze Age
Cemetery at Gibe on ( 1963) pi. 17: 5.
Fig. I: 3 from Sedment I pi. 41: 23.
Fig. 2: 1, 3 from Jericho II figs. 100: 14; 172: 4.
Fig. 2: 2 from J. Kaplan,' Atiqot 1, 1955, fig. 3: 7.
Fig. 2: 4 from SMV pi. 32: 772.
1
W. G. Dever, Bib1A 50, 1987, 149-76.
2
For example, A. Dajani, AAJ 6-7, 1962-4, 68.
3
H. A. Liebowitz, IsrExplJ 27, 1977, 89-97.
4
Jericho I 296 Type E.
s Jericho I 300-1
6
See catalogue at the end of this paper: flat bases, nos. 6
(wood), 44 (alabaster); round bases, nos. 5 (wood), 37
(alabaster); disc bases, nos. 4 (wood), SO (alabaster).
Motif (i) nos. 5 (wood), 48 (alabaster); motif (iv) fig. 2: 3
(wood), 2: 1 (alabaster); motif (v) nos. 54 (wood), 46
(alabaster).
46 Rachael Sparks
TYPE
o
1
'
3
2
4
5
TYPE
6
7
3
8
Fig. 1. Bowls with ram's-head handles Types 1 and 3 (1-8 =cat. nos. 20, 51, 55, 5, 44, 40,
46, 18). Scale: 1:4, except for 1 (1 :2) and 4 (1 :8).
Bowls with Ram 's-head Handles from Jordan 47
alabaster examples have a round mouth (fig. 1: 1, 5). Concave disc or ring bases are seen
only in alabaster, 7 and the uneven spacing of handles around the rim of at least two
fragmentary wooden bowls prompted Kenyan to suggest they may have originally
had five handles. 8 Overall, however, the similarities outweigh the differences and
make separate typologies unnecessary; a fact that has been emphasized since the
addition of further material outside of Jericho.
A revised classification system is proposed to include all bowls of this form,
irrespective of material. The most useful criteria seem to be the shape of the base, that
of the rim, and the decoration (figs. 1-2). 9
TABLE 1: CLASSIFICATION OF BOWLS WITH RAM'S-HEAD HANDLES
Type
2
3
Base
Rim Treatmentt
Decoration
Fig.
flat or slightly
rounded
A) decorated
i) parallel lines
iv) opposing groups of oblique lines
vi) dotted circle
1:4
disc base
concave
disc or ring
B) undecorated
A) decorated
B) undecorated
A) decorated
B) undecorated
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
parallel lines
ladder pattern
framed oblique lines
opposing g!oups of oblique lines
v)
zigzag
1:3
2: 5, 7
2:6
2: 1, 3
1: 7
A complete catalogue of examples is given at the end of this paper.
One important variation not included in this typology is the treatment of the handles.
Among the reasons for this are the problem of shrinkage, distortion, and weathering of
the wooden examples, and the lack of apparent chronological significance. 10
Nonetheless, it is worth noting that some bowls feature naturalistic handles (fig. 1: 1,
5, 6), while ·others are simplified (figs. 1: 3, 4; 2: 4). The two ceramic examples
reproduce the profile of the handle, but make no attempt at sculptural detail (figs. 1: 2;
2: 2).
Three examples feature a stylized treatment of the handles. A bowl from Pella (fig.
2: 7) shows a geometricized approach, with the curve of the horns reduced to a
rectangular bar across the forehead. One example from Jericho (fig. 1: 7) is stylized in
7 Concave disc bases appear on three examples from
Groups IT-IV (cat. nos. 8, 18, 40); a true ring base appears
only in Group V (no. 46), and would seem to be a later
development. R. Amiran, Ancient Pottery in the Holy
Land (1970) 91, sees ring bases appearing as early as
MB IIA and predominating during MB TIC (see also D.
Cole, Shechem 1 [1984] 45-6). It is interesting that this
trend does not appear to be reflected in the Ram 's-Head
Bowl series, where disc bases would seem to be the norm.
9 These are the features most read ily identifiable from
published material. Other potential variables present
difficulties. Rim form-round or oval-is hard to
determine on many of the wooden examples, owing to
distortion. One bowl (fig. 1: 6) is unusual in having a
simple rounded rim. Kenyon's use of body form-' fairly
flat', 'shallow' , and 'deep'-is difficult to follow, as the
categories are interchangeable, although the differences
become notable at either extreme.
8
Jericho I 300 Types IA4 (Tomb 835) and IIA4 (Tomb
83). No complete example with five handles has been
found; however, the ceramic bowl from Tel Aviv, cat.
no . 52, has only two handles .
1
For example, naturalistic versions occur in Groups
II-V (cat. nos. 9, 20, 40, 44).
°
48 Rachael Sparks
TYPE 2
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fig. 2. Bowls with ram's-head handles Type 2 (1-5 =cat. nos. 9, 52, 36, 56, 50), and rim
fragments (6-7 =cat. nos. 24, 49). Scale: 1: 4, except for 4-5 (1 :3).
Bowls with Ram 's -head Handles from Jordan 49
a different way, with detail reduced to two incised lines down the top of each handle .
Another bowl from Jericho (fig. 1: 8) follows the basic features of the type, but the
handles bear little resemblance to rams' heads, being rounded with two horizontal
incisions across their outer faces. This may be a misunderstanding of the more common
form, 11 or an attempt to reinterpret it.
CONTEXT
Specialized treatment of ram 's-head bowls is evident in a few cases from Jericho
where the burials were undisturbed. 12
J1
Body A,
placed beneath hands on abdomen.
H6
Body A,
on left side of abdomen.
H18
Body L,
on left side of pelvis.
The significance of this is unclear. It may imply no more than the aesthetic,
sentimental, or intrinsic value of the bowls themselves. It is worth noting in this
context that all three bowls were made of alabaster, generally regarded as a luxury
material in Palestine during this period. 13
DISTRIBUTION (TABLE 2)
Alabaster ram 's-head bowls have been reported from three sites in Palestine-Jericho,
Beth Shan, and Pella. When the sample is expanded to include related forms in wood and
pottery, Gibeon and Tel Aviv are the only additions. The relative proximity of the
sites suggests a localization of the type, while the concentration of examples at Jericho
makes it the most likely source of manufacture or distribution. 14
Only four examples have been published from Egypt. One is in alabaster, but
unprovenanced (fig. 2: 4; cat. no. 56). The remaining three are made of wood, and occur
at Kahun arid Sedment (nos. 53-5). On present evidence, it seems likely that they are
Palestinian imports. 15
TABLE 2: BOWLS WITH RAM'S-HEAD HANDLES IN PALESTINE AND EGYPT
Site
Jericho
Beth Shan
Pella
Gibe on
Tel Aviv
Kahun
Sedment
Unprovenanced
Total
Alabaster
8
1
2
Ceramic
2
1
12
11
Jericho I 402.
12
Jericho I 427; Jericho II 576.
13
Thus Dever art. cit. (n. 1) 163 . See also below n. 44.
14
Wood
39
Although conditions for the preservation of wood
seem to have been unusually favourable (seeS. Dorrel in :
Jericho II Appendix L 704-7), even without the wooden
examples Jericho has a majority. A. Clamer in: P. Parr
(ed.), Jericho: Problems of Interpretation and Publication
(forthcoming) proposes Jericho as a manufacturing centre
for alabaster vessels in this period. No direct evidence for
this has come to light. I. Ben-Dor, QDAP 11, 1945, 97-8,
provides such for Beth Shan, in the form of unfinished
42
2
Total
47
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
56
juglets from Stratum X. It is likely that more than one
centre of production was operating in the Middle Bronze
Age (see Dajani art. [n. 3] 69).
15
For example, the decoration on cat. no. 54, from
Kahun, is paralleled on an alabaster example from Jericho
(fig. 1: 7). The decoration on the bowl from Sedment
(fig. 1: 3) is as yet unparalleled, but is commonly found on
MB II Palestinian bone inlays, e.g. Jericho I fig. 145:
2-3 (see Liebowitz art. cit. [n.3] fig. I: 16, with pp. 90-1
for futher references). It is also found on the rims of
alabaster flat -based alabastra, the majority of which are
found in the north Jordan valley, e.g. PIJI pi. 114: 13; PIJ2
pi. 61 : 2.
50 Rachael Sparks
It is interesting to note that the two examples from Pella use the same decorative motif
(fig. 2: 5, 7). This motif is not seen elsewhere, and may be a local peculiarity. 16
CHRONOLOGY
The division of the Middle Bronze Age in Palestine into distinct chronological phases
has been the subject of much recent debate. 17 Whatever the terminology used, 18 it is
generally agreed that there are two major cultural distinctions within this period-W.
Dever's MB I, covering the early 2nd millennium, and his MB 11-III, from sometime in
the 18th century to the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. 19 Most recently, A. Kempinski
and P. Bienkowski have argued for the use of 'Early' and 'Late' MB 11 for this latter
period, as there are no uniform grounds for dividing the pottery for MB 11 and Ill
throughout Palestine. 20 I have adopted a modified version of Dever's terminology as
follows:
MB I= c.2000-1800, MB 11 (subdivided into 'Early' and 'Late')= c. 1800-1550.
160
140
I
20
15
t5
/
120
.
100
80
10
+
z
5
-+
TOMB
GROUPS
- - A labaster / wooden examples
-
-
-
Tombs with Ram 's - Head Bowls
TOMB
Fig. 4. Total number of interments at
MB 11 Jericho.
Fig. 3. Frequency of Ram's-Head
Bowls at Jericho.
16
17
Motif (iii) may be related, see fig. 2: 6.
J. D. Seger, Erlsr 12, 1975,43-5: W. G. Dever in : F.
M . Cross et al. (eds), Magna1ia Dei : the Mighty Acts of
God (1975) 3-38; P. Gerstenb1ith, The Levant at the
Beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (1983); A.
Kempinski, Syrien und Pallistina (Kanaan) in der letzten
Phase der Mittelbronze IIB -Zeit (1650-1570 v. Chr.)
(1983); P. Bienkowski, Levant 21, 1989, 169-79.
GROU PS
18
The mlijor schools of thought are those of Albright
(MB ITA-C), Kenyan (MB I-ll) and Dever (MB 1-III), as
summarized by Bienkowski art. cit. 169 and Dever art. cit.
149; see also P. Gerstenblith, BASOR 237, 1980, 63-84.
19
2
°
Gerstenblith art. cit. 65; Dever art. cit.
Kempinski op. cit., Bienkowski art. cit.; cf. Seger art.
cit., Dever art. cit., and Cole op. cit (n . 7), who argue in
favour of a division between MB 11 and MB Ill.
Bowls with Ram 's-head Handles from Jordan 51
The absolute chronology is that proposed by Dever, 21 following the dates for the
Xllth to XVth Dynasties as suggested by K. A. Kitchen. 22
As the majority of the material is derived from Jericho, Kenyon's tomb groupings
have been used as a basis for detecting developing trends in ram 's-head bowls. 23
These provide us with a useful sequence of MB 11 'Early' and 'Late' tombs in a
continuum. 24
Bowls with ram's-head handles are found in tombs from Groups II-V, 25 with the
exception of one example from Tomb J3, which Kenyon attributes to Group I. A closer
study of the contents of J3, however, suggests that it should be placed a little laterprobably somewhere in Group 11. Thus, E. Porada attributes the cylinder seal from the
burial to D. Collon 's Aleppo group which dates to the second half of the 18th century, 26
and the shaft hole axe is a form common down to the end of MB 11. 27 Kenyon 's own
parallels for the weaponry, in Tell el-Far'ah Tomb A, were dated by the excavator, R. de
Vaux, to the 18th and 17th centuries. 28
It is clear that the type is at its most popular in Groups II and Ill, especially the latter,
with a noticeable decline in numbers towards the end of MB II (see fig. 3). This is not
matched by the total number of interments, which increase in Group IV and V (fig. 4). 29
The remaining material from Palestine does nothing to contradict this picture,
although some of the contexts are imprecise. The alabaster bowl from Beth Shan, for
example, is described as coming from 'the upper debris of the trench of the Northern
slope'. 3 Cat. no. 49, from Pella, comes from Area IIIF. 31 The associated pottery
belongs to early MB 11, or East Cut Phase VII/VIII.
The ceramic examples from the Tel Aviv harbour cemetery 32 and from Gibeon
belong to the later part of MB 11. 33 The latest bowl in our sequence seems to be cat. no.
50, from Tomb 20 at Pella; this has been dated to between the end of MB 11, 34 and the
beginning .of LB I. 35
It is difficult to establish the chronological relationship of the Palestinian and
Egyptian material. W. M. F. Petrie dated the two examples from Kahun to the Xllth
°
21
Dever art. cit. (n . 1) 149; see also id. in : J. Tubb (ed.),
Palestine.in the Bronze and Iron Ages (1985) 82 n. 10, and
Gerstenblith op.cit. 104 Table 8 for some comparative
absolute chronologies.
22
K. A. Kitchen in : P. Astriim, High, Middle or Low?
(1987) 37- 55 .
28
Jericho II 169; these figures are based on a skull
count.
30
G. M. Fitzgerald, Beth Shan Excavations 1921-3
(1931) 43.
31
23
As based on the groupings published in Jericho I-II,
including Kenyan's revisions in Jericho II 173-6, and
successfully used by 0. Tufnell, Studies in Scarab Seals
II (1984) and W. A. Ward , AJA 91, 1987,507-32.
24
Bienkowski art. cit. (n. 17) 169; Ward art. cit. 518-21.
a
Group II is usually seen as belonging to MB II, but
note the synchronisms of Tufnell op. cit. and Ward art. cit.
518-9,527, which would place the scarabs in Group II
contemporaneous with the later part of the XIIth Dynasty.
Kirkbride, in Jericho II 583-4, equates Group V with the
early XVth Dynasty, while Ward art. cit. 527, sees it as
contemporary with the late XVth.
26
E. Porada in : K. M. Kenyan-T. Holland, Excavations
at Jericho V (1983) Appendix G 744.
27
W. Dever, BASOR 217, 1975, 30.
Jericho I 313 .
29
A. W. McNicoll et al., AAJ 29, 1985, 198.
32
J. Kaplan,' Atiqot 1, 1955, 6-7, bases her dating of the
cemetery on ceramic and other finds. Tufnell op. cit. (n.
23) 200 Table XXXIV, seems to place the scarabs very
early in her sequence (i .e., pre-J ericho Group II), but
those from Tomb 11 could allow for a later dating. Thus
Type 1E3 is seen in Jericho Groups III-IV, Type 3B3b in
Groups II-V, and Type 3Di occurs throughout MB II
(ibid. 116, 119, 121).
33
J. B. Pritchard, The Bronze Age Cemetery at Gibeon
(1963) 19, gives some parallels forthe pottery in Tomb 12
with Jericho Groups III-V.
34 S. J . Bourke in: J . B. Hennessy-D. Homes-Fredericq,
The Archaeology of Jordan II 2 (1989) 414-25.
35
PIJl 48-9.
52 Rachael Sparks
Dynasty, 36 but no provenances were given, and as B. J. Kemp and R. S. Merrillees have
shown, extreme caution must be exercised when using Petrie 's dates for the site. 37 The
wooden bowl from Sedment, Tomb 1288, is dated by the excavators to the XVIth
Dynasty, which should place it in the later part of MB 11. 38 The unprovenanced bowl is
said to be of XVIIIth Dynasty date. 39 In the light of more securely dated material
from Palestine, this may be placed at the very beginning of the New Kingdom. The
chronological range of the type is therefore from early in MB 11 to perhaps the very
beginning ofLB I, or c.1800-1550.
INTERACTION BETWEEN MEDIA
Bowls with ram 's-head handles are just one example of interaction between craftsmen
working with different materials. 40 Borrowings of this kind may well have been
facilitated by similarities in manufacturing techniques and tools. 41
Wood and alabaster appear early in the sequence at Jericho; on present evidence, it
is difficult to determine in which material the type originated. An alabaster prototype
seems possible; one example from Tomb B35 shows traces of white paint, suggesting
that it may have been intended to imitate alabaster. 42 In Egypt, stone vessels were
commonly copied in wood, and often painted to increase the resemblance. 43 The
number of wooden bowls with ram 's-head handles also outnumbers alabaster examples
by nearly ten to one. This is in keeping with the scarcity of alabaster vessels generally
in relation to other containers, 44 and suggests that the wooden versions may be an
attempt to gain the lower end of a luxury market. 45
CONCLUSIONS
Bowls with ram 's-head handles form a distinct class of vessel within the repertoire of
Palestinian craftsmen during the Middle Bronze Age. Although rare in general, these
bowls were popular enough to generate imitations across different media-including
wood, alabaster, and pottery. Production would seem to be localized in the Jordan
36 By implication only; one is illustrated on a plate
labelled 'XII Dynasty' (KGH plate 8), and the other
compared to it (IKG 11). Yet in KGH 26, he uses an
XVIIIth-Dynasty parallel to prove the piece is not Roman,
while in SMV 12 he clearly considers it earlier than the
XVIIIth Dynasty.
37
B. J. Kemp-R. S. Merrillees, Minoan Pottery in Second
Millennium Egypt (1980) 80, 86-9. See also P. Astrom,
SCE IV: IB (1972) 212-3, for further references.
Atchana in the Hatay 1937-49 (1955) pl. 81:7, in steatite.
41
For example, the chisel: see Ben-Dor art. cit. (n. 14) pl.
23, for chisel marks on the interior of a locally made
gypsum vessel. It was not possible to analyse the alabaster
bowls; should they prove to be made of gypsum, an even
stronger case for local manufacture may be argued; see
Ben-Dor art. cit. 94-6.
42
Jericho I fig. 156: 3; cat. no. 22. 43 For example, W. C.
Hayes, The Sceptre of Egypt II (1959) 154,228 fig. 136.
3S
Sedment I pl. 41.
43
39
SMV 12.
44
40
The flat, lug-handled pyxis is another example. It is
found on a number of sites in the Levant and Cyprus, in
alabaster, steatite, pottery, ivory, wood, and faiencesee the discussions by E. Peltenberg in: V. Karageorghis,
Excavations at Kition I (1974) 110, and M. Dothan,
Excavations at Tell Qasile II (1985) 12-13. To their lists
of parallels we can add the following: R. W. Hamilton,
QDAP 4, 1935, 44 no. 272, in clay; J. Garstang, Burial
Customs (1907) fig. 109, in wood; A. Rowe, The Four
Canaanite Temples at Beth Shan (1940) in ivory; C. L.
Woolley, Alalakh: An account of the Excavations at Tell
Jericho I fig. 156: 3; cat. no. 22.
For example, Tomb B35 held over 60 ceramic vessels,
over 30 wooden containers, and only 3 complete and 3
fragmentary alabaster vessels. The Ram 's-Head Bowl in
particular would seem to be of limited popularity overall,
as out of the 44 tombs excavated by Kenyon for MB II, the
type appears in only 17. Of these, 10 tombs contained
wooden versions only; 3 contained alabaster examples,
and 4 tombs contained examples of both.
4
s This may not be true of the ceramic versions, which, by
their scarcity and relatively late appearance, would seem
to be curiosities.
Bowls with Ram 's-head Handles from Jordan 53
Valley, with Jericho as the most likely centre of manufacture, based on distribution
patterns, and the extent of variation within a restricted chronological range, from
early in MB 11 to the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age. The class as a whole
provides yet another instance of the quality and increasing independence of Middle
Bronze Age craft industry in Palestine.
APPENDIX: CATALOGUE OF BOWLS WITH RAM'S-HEAD HANDLES
No.
Site
Jericho
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Provenance
Tomb A34
B48
B50
046
J3
J54
M11
P23
B3
B35
Group Type
2B
11
2Aiii
-Aiv
2Aiv
1Ai
1Aiv
2B
3A2Aiv
2B
-B
1Aiv
2Aiv
2B
2Aiv
III
2B
-B
3B
1B
Material
Wood
Alabaster
Wood
Alabaster
Wood
2Aiv
-Aiii
-Aiv
-B
2B
B51
119
P19
-Ai
2Aiv
1B
Alabaster
Publication
Jericho I fig. 133: 3
Jericho 11 fig. 130: 1
fig. 150:3
fig. 150: 2
Jericho I fig. 126:4
fig. 126: 3
fig. 126:5
313 reg. no. 21
Jericho 11 fig. 100: 14
fig. 130: 6
fig. 130: 7
fig. 130: 3
fig. 130: 2
fig. 130: 9
Jericho I fig. 163: 3
fig. 163: 1
fig. 163:2
fig. 118: 16
fig. 156: 4
fig. 155: 5
fig. 155: 1
fig. 156: 3
fig. 156:5
fig. 155: 4
fig. 155: 6
fig. 156: 1
fig. 156: 6
fig. 156: 7
fig. 155: 2
387 reg . no. 118
387 reg. no. 276
387 reg. no. 336
387 reg. no. 340
387 reg. no. 434
Jericho 11 fig. 172: 1
fig. 172: 4
fig. 179: 11
54 Rachael Sparks
No. Site
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Jericho
49
50
51
Pella
52
53
54
55
56
Provenance
Jl
Group
Type
IV
2B
Wood
3B
Alabaster
Wood
Tower area
Trench N slope
2Aiv
1B
2Aiv
3Av
2B
2Ai
Gibeon
Area IIIF 1.22
Area XI, Tomb 20
Tomb12
-Aii
2Aii
lB
Tel Aviv
Kahun
Harbour Cem. T 11
no prov. given
2B
G1
H5
H18
Beth Shan
Sedment
Tomb 1288
unprovenanced
V
Material
Alabaster
Wood
Alabaster
Ceramic
Wood
-Av
lA vi
2B
Alabaster
Publication
Jericho I fig. 184: 1
fig. 184: 7
fig. 171: 15
435 cat. no. 18
435 cat. no. 69
fig. 192: 1
fig. 187: 11
fig. 192:4
fig. 187: 17
AAALiv 21, 1934, pl. 17: 8
Fitzgerald, Beth Shan 1921-23
(1931) pl. 40: 3
PIJ2 pl. 31: 1
unpublished; reg. no. 52281
Pritchard, Bronze Age Cemetry at
Gibeon (1963) pl. 17:5
Kaplan,' Atiqot 1, 1955, fig. 3: 7
IKG p. 11
KGH pl. 8: 3
Sedment I pl. 41: 23
SMV pl. 32: 772