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2005, Price, J, Freestone I C and Cartwright C R C (2005) ‘All in a day’s work?’ The colourless cylindrical glass cups found at Stonea revisited. In N Crummy ed., Image, Craft and the Classical World. Collection ‘Monographies Instrumentum’ no 29. Montagnac, éditions Monique Mergoil, 163-169
Cambridge Archaeology Field Group (CAFG) carried out a fieldwalking exercise in a field to the north of Whole Way Cottage, Harlton in 1994. The location is close to the present A603, a former Roman road (Akeman Street) which runs from the A1198 (known as Ermine Street, itself a major Roman road) at Arrington, to Cambridge, then onwards across East Anglia. A significant quantity of Romano-British ceramic building material was recovered and analysed by the author. The findings suggest the material may have been a dump of hardcore, infilling a wet section of road/trackway. This route later went out of use when a medieval estate was expanded and an alternative route for the existing A603 is suggested.
The general aim of this publication is to interpret the existing excavated and recorded evidence for shops and workshops in Roman Britain in order to give an approximate reconstruction of the tabernae in the province. This chapter will examine the types of materials used in the building of tabernae, their methods of construction and the development of these over time. This analysis of construction techniques attempts to answer two important questions; how the tabernae were constructed and who built them. The study of building construction focuses on the most fundamental consideration of how people executed the structures that provided them with shelter and a viable environment for their goods, institutions and lifestyle. Thus, the focus is on this pragmatic operation and any concern with aesthetic design is incidental. Every attempt has been made to be as inclusive, comprehensive and systematic as possible in the study of constructional techniques in Roman Britain. However, the amount of evidence has necessitated a certain amount of selection and much of the following work will concentrate upon the larger settlement sites of Verulamium, Colchester and, more particularly, London, where much of the detailed analysis of building materials has taken place.
Vessel glass assemblage from a Romano-British small town.
2012 •
This study comprises the analysis of 8.11 tonnes of Roman tile from York and its immediate hinterland. The tile was recovered from 215 archaeological investigations undertaken by York Archaeological Trust, together with the tile from excavations at Heslington East undertaken by the Department of Archaeology of the University of York. The tile was analysed in terms of the chronological and spatial variations present, the results being examined in relation to three widely debated research themes, namely the nature and speed of Romanization, the role of the Roman army, and the economic relationship of the town to its hinterland. Given that the use of tile was introduced to Britain by the Romans, and that it formed a key element of classical architecture, the speed of its adoption has been used to show that the process of Romanization occurred slowly in the York area, with many of the buildings outside the fortress reflecting state-sponsored building-campaigns, rather than the spontaneo...
One of the most important matters to be discussed is the form and plan (forma) of tabernae, and to relate them to structures in other regions of the empire. In Britain, structures from the Roman period mostly survive only in plan. As such, the layout of a taberna on the ground is the most useful interpretative tool to examine the development of tabernae in the major settlements of Roman Britain. The plan is very significant because it represents the horizontal projections of a building and determines the arrangement of rooms. These will be discussed in the forthcoming chapters. This chapter will explore some of the socio-economic factors that determined the choice of ground plan and the way in which tabernae, as a form, developed and evolved over time. The purpose is to examine tabernae in their entirety, that is not just spatially but also temporally, to understand how tabernae interact with their environment. This is not a simple task, as it cannot be assumed that form ever follows function, even though this is one of the most important assumptions that archaeologists use to interpret buildings. This is not meant to be dismissive of the scholarly work carried out by archaeologists, who often have only limited material on which to base their interpretation, but merely to point out that the function of a building cannot really be anticipated by form. Regrettably, the archaeological evidence is often not subtle enough to adequately identify the function of a building beyond any doubt.
This work has been concerned with creating a credible reconstruction of the tabernae of Roman Britain from the actual buildings. This has been achieved by a concentration on the production of retail space to describe and explain the phenomenon of the taberna in its contemporary form. Based upon this, the manner in which tabernae reflect the social and economic environment of the province of Britain can then be observed. It has been the consensus throughout this thesis that commercial buildings are more sensitive and responsive to the economic and social climate than monumental structures. The study of tabernae has largely been ignored at the expense of public buildings or prestige dwellings. This would seem to be very much at odds with the view point of Reece, who states in his important discussion on The end of Roman Britain that 'the use of strip-buildings as an index of commercial activity is far too insensitive an indicator of 'town life'. …The building of strip-buildings is not in itself demonstrative of commerce'. 1 However, this is a statement that is applicable to any building type in Roman Britain. In contrast to public buildings, tabernae must have accounted for a large part of the built up areas in towns. They would have been a very visible, familiar and active part of urban life. With their open fronts, goods on display and commercial activities which spread onto the street, they must have left as much an impression of urbanisation as monumental structures. Retailing was an essential and integral component of the urban environment, and when examined, presents a more sensitive picture of the social and economic life of the settlements of Roman Britain than public buildings. Tabernae were a major element of the urban environment, and retailing was an activity with which the inhabitants would have had frequent dealings. A comparative approach to the study of the nature, size and location of tabernae in the settlements of Roman Britain can give clues to the broader issues concerning social identity and function. This integrated approach to the building patterns of Roman towns provides a more genuine view of urban development than consideration of a single building type or class of structure in isolation, and this is why the study of tabernae is significant. The results gained by this analysis of tabernae are far from ideal, but are certainly more representative of the evolution of towns in Roman Britain than the examination of any one building type. This is perhaps the most interesting by-product formulated during the development of this study on tabernae. In fact, tabernae were probably as much of a feature of romanization as any programme of public buildings. Tabernae in the Roman empire had a very ancient history, evolving from the earliest times in Italy. The Italian tabernae became the model for tabernae that were built throughout the empire, and their construction went hand in hand with the expansion of Rome. Tabernae were a Roman import into Britain and nothing of this nature seems to have existed in pre-Roman Britain. Although many tabernae were probably 1 Reece 1983, 150 owned and operated by settlers from other parts of the empire, many native Britons would have lived and worked in tabernae, and the impact on their lives must have been significant. Contemporary attitudes to tabernae and tabernarii in Italy varied, from the disdain of the social élite, to the pride of those who lived and worked within. Although there is no indication of the way in which tabernarii were regarded in Roman Britain, it is possible that a similar variety of attitudes existed, but perhaps with a higher level of acceptance. Regardless of the manner in which tabernae and tabernarii were viewed by their contemporaries, they were an important element of the urban framework. We have seen that the epigraphic evidence for tabernae and tabernarii in Roman Britain is sparse and any discussion on the rôle that tabernae or tabernarii played within Romano-British society must rely upon the surviving archaeological remains. Excavations have revealed that Britain was a province that had a great diversification of structures, from the simplest of strip-buildings, to elaborate basilicas. The purpose and function of tabernae had an influence on the type of building plan. Contemporary plans for these utilitarian buildings have not survived and were probably only crude drawings, if indeed they existed. They are simple in design, and a taberna was so uncomplicated and malleable as an architectural unit that it could be adapted to almost any purpose. It is clear that the taberna-strip-building provided inhabitants with a great deal of control over what could be done with limited space, without undue modification. It could develop from a retailing outlet of one or two rooms, to comprising part of a more evolved dwelling. The taberna-strip-building form is likely to have been a development from an attempt to insert as many structures as possible into an important retail location. As a simple architectural form tabernae could evolve and be adapted by the addition of appendages to the back of the building, or by the amalgamation of neighbouring property. This common evolution clearly represents a higher level of prosperity for tabernarii and taberna owners and a willingness to express this in the construction and adaptation of larger and more expansive premises. Tabernae plans changed and grew as the lives of their users changed and the economy and society of Britain developed. The great number of strip-buildings in the towns of Roman Britain clearly emphasises the commercial attraction of the early settlements. However, there is little evidence of any corporate or organised retail planning above that which was shown by the accumulation of capital by individual retail owners. Without doubt, the taberna-strip-building plan was a typical feature of the urban settlements of Roman Britain, which had evident similarities to shops in the rest of northwestern Europe and Italy. The taberna was a very successful building form that was regional only in detail. The taberna plan was arguably the most adaptable of the entire spectrum of multipurpose building types created by Roman architecture.
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